Peer-reviewed articlePublished in Malaysia · AcademicOpen access

Defense Power Dynamics in Southeast Asia: An Analysis of Submarine Capabilities in Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam and Singapore

Original title: Kedinamikan Kuasa Pertahanan di Asia Tenggara: Analisis Terhadap Keupayaan Kapal Selam di Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam dan Singapura

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The article compares submarine development in four Southeast Asian states using documentary sources and official statements. It distinguishes deterrence and enforcement motivations from Vietnam’s focus on China, while discussing threat perceptions and risk reduction.

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